java.util.AbstractCollection
java.util.AbstractList
java.util.ArrayList
All Implemented Interfaces:
Serializable, Cloneable, Iterable
Direct Known Subclasses:
AttributeList, RoleList, RoleUnresolvedList
public class ArrayList
Resizable-array implementation of the List interface. Implements all optional list operations, and permits all elements, including null. In addition to implementing the List interface, this class provides methods to manipulate the size of the array that is used internally to store the list. (This class is roughly equivalent to Vector, except that it is unsynchronized.)
The size, isEmpty, get, set, iterator, and listIterator operations run in constant time. The add operation runs in amortized constant time, that is, adding n elements requires O(n) time. All of the other operations run in linear time (roughly speaking). The constant factor is low compared to that for the LinkedList implementation.
Each ArrayList instance has a capacity. The capacity is the size of the array used to store the elements in the list. It is always at least as large as the list size. As elements are added to an ArrayList, its capacity grows automatically. The details of the growth policy are not specified beyond the fact that adding an element has constant amortized time cost.
An application can increase the capacity of an ArrayList instance before adding a large number of elements using the ensureCapacity operation. This may reduce the amount of incremental reallocation.
Note that this implementation is not synchronized. If multiple threads access an ArrayList instance concurrently, and at least one of the threads modifies the list structurally, it must be synchronized externally. (A structural modification is any operation that adds or deletes one or more elements, or explicitly resizes the backing array; merely setting the value of an element is not a structural modification.) This is typically accomplished by synchronizing on some object that naturally encapsulates the list. If no such object exists, the list should be "wrapped" using the Collections.synchronizedList method. This is best done at creation time, to prevent accidental unsynchronized access to the list: List list = Collections.synchronizedList(new ArrayList(...));
The iterators returned by this class's iterator and listIterator methods are fail-fast: if list is structurally modified at any time after the iterator is created, in any way except through the iterator's own remove or add methods, the iterator will throw a ConcurrentModificationException. Thus, in the face of concurrent modification, the iterator fails quickly and cleanly, rather than risking arbitrary, non-deterministic behavior at an undetermined time in the future.
Note that the fail-fast behavior of an iterator cannot be guaranteed as it is, generally speaking, impossible to make any hard guarantees in the presence of unsynchronized concurrent modification. Fail-fast iterators throw ConcurrentModificationException on a best-effort basis. Therefore, it would be wrong to write a program that depended on this exception for its correctness: the fail-fast behavior of iterators should be used only to detect bugs.
This class is a member of the Java Collections Framework.
Since:
1.2
See Also:
Collection, List, LinkedList, Vector, Collections.synchronizedList(List), Serialized Form
Field Summary
Fields inherited from class java.util.AbstractList
modCount
Constructor Summary
ArrayList() Constructs an empty list with an initial capacity of ten.
ArrayList(CollectionE> c) Constructs a list containing the elements of the specified collection, in the order they are returned by the collection's iterator.
ArrayList(int initialCapacity) Constructs an empty list with the specified initial capacity.
Method Summary
boolean
add(E o) Appends the specified element to the end of this list.
void
add(int index, E element) Inserts the specified element at the specified position in this list.
boolean
addAll(CollectionE> c) Appends all of the elements in the specified Collection to the end of this list, in the order that they are returned by the specified Collection's Iterator.
boolean
addAll(int index, CollectionE> c) Inserts all of the elements in the specified Collection into this list, starting at the specified position.
void
clear() Removes all of the elements from this list.
Object
clone() Returns a shallow copy of this ArrayList instance.
boolean
contains(Object elem) Returns true if this list contains the specified element.
void
ensureCapacity(int minCapacity) Increases the capacity of this ArrayList instance, if necessary, to ensure that it can hold at least the number of elements specified by the minimum capacity argument.
E
get(int index) Returns the element at the specified position in this list.
int
indexOf(Object elem) Searches for the first occurence of the given argument, testing for equality using the equals method.
boolean
isEmpty() Tests if this list has no elements.
int
lastIndexOf(Object elem) Returns the index of the last occurrence of the specified object in this list.
E
remove(int index) Removes the element at the specified position in this list.
boolean
remove(Object o) Removes a single instance of the specified element from this list, if it is present (optional operation).
protected void
removeRange(int fromIndex, int toIndex) Removes from this List all of the elements whose index is between fromIndex, inclusive and toIndex, exclusive.
E
set(int index, E element) Replaces the element at the specified position in this list with the specified element.
int
size() Returns the number of elements in this list.
Object[]
toArray() Returns an array containing all of the elements in this list in the correct order.
toArray(T[] a) Returns an array containing all of the elements in this list in the correct order; the runtime type of the returned array is that of the specified array.
void
trimToSize() Trims the capacity of this ArrayList instance to be the list's current size.
Methods inherited from class java.util.AbstractList
equals, hashCode, iterator, listIterator, listIterator, subList
Methods inherited from class java.util.AbstractCollection
containsAll, removeAll, retainAll, toString
Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object
finalize, getClass, notify, notifyAll, wait, wait, wait
Methods inherited from interface java.util.List
containsAll, equals, hashCode, iterator, listIterator, listIterator, removeAll, retainAll, subList
Constructor Detail
ArrayListpublic ArrayList(int initialCapacity)
Constructs an empty list with the specified initial capacity.
Parameters:
initialCapacity - the initial capacity of the list.
Throws:
IllegalArgumentException - if the specified initial capacity is negative
ArrayListpublic ArrayList()
Constructs an empty list with an initial capacity of ten.
ArrayListpublic ArrayList(CollectionE> c)
Constructs a list containing the elements of the specified collection, in the order they are returned by the collection's iterator. The ArrayList instance has an initial capacity of 110% the size of the specified collection.
Parameters:
c - the collection whose elements are to be placed into this list.
Throws:
NullPointerException - if the specified collection is null.
Method Detail
trimToSizepublic void trimToSize()
Trims the capacity of this ArrayList instance to be the list's current size. An application can use this operation to minimize the storage of an ArrayList instance.
ensureCapacitypublic void ensureCapacity(int minCapacity)
Increases the capacity of this ArrayList instance, if necessary, to ensure that it can hold at least the number of elements specified by the minimum capacity argument.
Parameters:
minCapacity - the desired minimum capacity.
sizepublic int size()
Returns the number of elements in this list.
Specified by:
size in interface Collection<E>
Specified by:
size in interface List<E>
Specified by:
size in class AbstractCollection<E>
Returns:
the number of elements in this list.
isEmptypublic boolean isEmpty()
Tests if this list has no elements.
Specified by:
isEmpty in interface Collection<E>
Specified by:
isEmpty in interface List<E>
Overrides:
isEmpty in class AbstractCollection<E>
Returns:
true if this list has no elements; false otherwise.
containspublic boolean contains(Object elem)
Returns true if this list contains the specified element.
Specified by:
contains in interface Collection<E>
Specified by:
contains in interface List<E>
Overrides:
contains in class AbstractCollection<E>
Parameters:
elem - element whose presence in this List is to be tested.
Returns:
true if the specified element is present; false otherwise.
indexOfpublic int indexOf(Object elem)
Searches for the first occurence of the given argument, testing for equality using the equals method.
Specified by:
indexOf in interface List<E>
Overrides:
indexOf in class AbstractList<E>
Parameters:
elem - an object.
Returns:
the index of the first occurrence of the argument in this list; returns -1 if the object is not found.
See Also:
Object.equals(Object)
lastIndexOfpublic int lastIndexOf(Object elem)
Returns the index of the last occurrence of the specified object in this list.
Specified by:
lastIndexOf in interface List<E>
Overrides:
lastIndexOf in class AbstractList<E>
Parameters:
elem - the desired element.
Returns:
the index of the last occurrence of the specified object in this list; returns -1 if the object is not found.
clonepublic Object clone()
Returns a shallow copy of this ArrayList instance. (The elements themselves are not copied.)
Overrides:
clone in class Object
Returns:
a clone of this ArrayList instance.
See Also:
Cloneable
toArraypublic Object[] toArray()
Returns an array containing all of the elements in this list in the correct order.
Specified by:
toArray in interface Collection<E>
Specified by:
toArray in interface List<E>
Overrides:
toArray in class AbstractCollection<E>
Returns:
an array containing all of the elements in this list in the correct order.
See Also:
Arrays.asList(Object[])
toArraypublic
Returns an array containing all of the elements in this list in the correct order; the runtime type of the returned array is that of the specified array. If the list fits in the specified array, it is returned therein. Otherwise, a new array is allocated with the runtime type of the specified array and the size of this list.
If the list fits in the specified array with room to spare (i.e., the array has more elements than the list), the element in the array immediately following the end of the collection is set to null. This is useful in determining the length of the list only if the caller knows that the list does not contain any null elements.
Specified by:
toArray in interface Collection<E>
Specified by:
toArray in interface List<E>
Overrides:
toArray in class AbstractCollection<E>
Parameters:
a - the array into which the elements of the list are to be stored, if it is big enough; otherwise, a new array of the same runtime type is allocated for this purpose.
Returns:
an array containing the elements of the list.
Throws:
ArrayStoreException - if the runtime type of a is not a supertype of the runtime type of every element in this list.
getpublic E get(int index)
Returns the element at the specified position in this list.
Specified by:
get in interface List<E>
Specified by:
get in class AbstractList<E>
Parameters:
index - index of element to return.
Returns:
the element at the specified position in this list.
Throws:
IndexOutOfBoundsException - if index is out of range (index <>= size()).
setpublic E set(int index, E element)
Replaces the element at the specified position in this list with the specified element.
Specified by:
set in interface List<E>
Overrides:
set in class AbstractList<E>
Parameters:
index - index of element to replace.
element - element to be stored at the specified position.
Returns:
the element previously at the specified position.
Throws:
IndexOutOfBoundsException - if index out of range (index <>= size()).
addpublic boolean add(E o)
Appends the specified element to the end of this list.
Specified by:
add in interface Collection<E>
Specified by:
add in interface List<E>
Overrides:
add in class AbstractList<E>
Parameters:
o - element to be appended to this list.
Returns:
true (as per the general contract of Collection.add).
addpublic void add(int index, E element)
Inserts the specified element at the specified position in this list. Shifts the element currently at that position (if any) and any subsequent elements to the right (adds one to their indices).
Specified by:
add in interface List<E>
Overrides:
add in class AbstractList<E>
Parameters:
index - index at which the specified element is to be inserted.
element - element to be inserted.
Throws:
IndexOutOfBoundsException - if index is out of range (index <> size()).
removepublic E remove(int index)
Removes the element at the specified position in this list. Shifts any subsequent elements to the left (subtracts one from their indices).
Specified by:
remove in interface List<E>
Overrides:
remove in class AbstractList<E>
Parameters:
index - the index of the element to removed.
Returns:
the element that was removed from the list.
Throws:
IndexOutOfBoundsException - if index out of range (index <>= size()).
removepublic boolean remove(Object o)
Removes a single instance of the specified element from this list, if it is present (optional operation). More formally, removes an element e such that (o==null ? e==null : o.equals(e)), if the list contains one or more such elements. Returns true if the list contained the specified element (or equivalently, if the list changed as a result of the call).
Specified by:
remove in interface Collection<E>
Specified by:
remove in interface List<E>
Overrides:
remove in class AbstractCollection<E>
Parameters:
o - element to be removed from this list, if present.
Returns:
true if the list contained the specified element.
clearpublic void clear()
Removes all of the elements from this list. The list will be empty after this call returns.
Specified by:
clear in interface Collection<E>
Specified by:
clear in interface List<E>
Overrides:
clear in class AbstractList<E>
addAllpublic boolean addAll(CollectionE> c)
Appends all of the elements in the specified Collection to the end of this list, in the order that they are returned by the specified Collection's Iterator. The behavior of this operation is undefined if the specified Collection is modified while the operation is in progress. (This implies that the behavior of this call is undefined if the specified Collection is this list, and this list is nonempty.)
Specified by:
addAll in interface Collection<E>
Specified by:
addAll in interface List<E>
Overrides:
addAll in class AbstractCollection<E>
Parameters:
c - the elements to be inserted into this list.
Returns:
true if this list changed as a result of the call.
Throws:
NullPointerException - if the specified collection is null.
See Also:
AbstractCollection.add(Object)
addAllpublic boolean addAll(int index, CollectionE> c)
Inserts all of the elements in the specified Collection into this list, starting at the specified position. Shifts the element currently at that position (if any) and any subsequent elements to the right (increases their indices). The new elements will appear in the list in the order that they are returned by the specified Collection's iterator.
Specified by:
addAll in interface List<E>
Overrides:
addAll in class AbstractList<E>
Parameters:
index - index at which to insert first element from the specified collection.
c - elements to be inserted into this list.
Returns:
true if this list changed as a result of the call.
Throws:
IndexOutOfBoundsException - if index out of range (index <> size()).
NullPointerException - if the specified Collection is null.
removeRangeprotected void removeRange(int fromIndex, int toIndex)
Removes from this List all of the elements whose index is between fromIndex, inclusive and toIndex, exclusive. Shifts any succeeding elements to the left (reduces their index). This call shortens the list by (toIndex - fromIndex) elements. (If toIndex==fromIndex, this operation has no effect.)
Overrides:
removeRange in class AbstractList<E>
Parameters:
fromIndex - index of first element to be removed.
toIndex - index after last element to be removed.
javadoc - The Java API Documentation Generator
Generates HTML pages of API documentation from Java source files. This document contains JavadocTM examples for Microsoft Windows.
CONTENTS
Reference Guide
Synopsis
Description
Processing of Source Files
Javadoc Doclets
Related Documentation
Terminology
Source Files
Class Source Code Files
Package Comment Files
Overview Comment File
Miscellaneous Unprocessed Files
Test Files and Template Files
Generated Files
Generated API Declarations
Documentation Comments
Commenting the Source Code
Automatic Copying of Method Comments
Javadoc Tags (@tag)
Where Tags Can Be Used
Options (-option)
Javadoc Options
Options Provided by the Standard Doclet
Command Line Argument Files
Running
Running Javadoc
Simple Examples
Documenting One or More Packages
Documenting One or More Classes
Documenting Both Packages and Classes
Real World Example
Command Line Example
Makefile Example
Troubleshooting
General Troubleshooting
Errors and Warnings
Environment
CLASSPATH
Troubleshooting
See Also
Reference Guide
SYNOPSIS
javadoc [ options ] [ packagenames ] [ sourcefilenames ] [ -subpackages pkg1:pkg2:... ] [ @argfiles ]
Arguments can be in any order. See processing of Source Files for details on how the Javadoc tool determines which ".java" files to process.
options
Command-line options, as specified in this document. To see a typical use of javadoc options, see Real-World Example.
packagenames
A series of names of packages, separated by spaces, such as java.lang java.lang.reflect java.awt. You must separately specify each package you want to document. Wildcards are not allowed; use -subpackages for recursion. The Javadoc tool uses -sourcepath to look for these package names. See Example - Documenting One or More Packages
sourcefilenames
A series of source file names, separated by spaces, each of which can begin with a path and contain a wildcard such as asterisk (*). The Javadoc tool will process every file whose name ends with ".java", and whose name, when stripped of that suffix, is actually a legal class name (see Identifiers). Therefore, you can name files with dashes (such as X-Buffer), or other illegal characters, to prevent them from being documented. This is useful for test files and template files The path that precedes the source file name determines where javadoc will look for the file. (The Javadoc tool does not use -sourcepath to look for these source file names.) Relative paths are relative to the current directory, so passing in Button.java is identical to ./Button.java. A source file name with an absolute path and a wildcard, for example, is /home/src/java/awt/Graphics*.java. See Example - Documenting One or More Classes. You can also mix packagenames and sourcefilenames, as in Example - Documenting Both Packages and Classes
-subpackages pkg1:pkg2:...
Generates documentation from source files in the specified packages and recursively in their subpackages. An alternative to supplying packagenames or sourcefilenames.
@argfiles
One or more files that contain a list of Javadoc options, packagenames and sourcefilenames in any order. Wildcards (*) and -J options are not allowed in these files.
DESCRIPTION
The JavadocTM tool parses the declarations and documentation comments in a set of Java source files and produces a corresponding set of HTML pages describing (by default) the public and protected classes, nested classes (but not anonymous inner classes), interfaces, constructors, methods, and fields. You can use it to generate the API (Application Programming Interface) documentation or the implementation documentation for a set of source files.
You can run the Javadoc tool on entire packages, individual source files, or both. When documenting entire packages, you can either use -subpackages for traversing recursively down from a top-level directory, or pass in an explicit list of package names. When documenting individual source files, you pass in a list of source (.java) filenames. Examples are given at the end of this document. How Javadoc processes source files is covered next.
Processing of source files
The Javadoc tool processes files that end in ".java" plus other files described under Source Files. If you run the Javadoc tool by explicitly passing in individual source filenames, you can determine exactly which ".java" files are processed. However, that is not how most developers want to work, as it is simpler to pass in package names. The Javadoc tool can be run three ways without explicitly specifying the source filenames. You can (1) pass in package names, (2) use -subpackages, and (3) use wildcards with source filenames (*.java). In these cases, the Javadoc tool processes a ".java" file only if it fulfills all of the following requirements:
· Its name, after stripping off the ".java" suffix, is actually a legal class name (see Identifiers for legal characters)
· Its directory path relative to the root of the source tree is actually a legal package name (after converting its separators to dots)
· Its package statement contains the legal package name (specified in the previous bullet)
Processing of links - During a run, the Javadoc tool automatically adds cross-reference links to package, class and member names that are being documented as part of that run. Links appear in several places:
· Declarations (return types, argument types, field types)
· "See Also" sections generated from @see tags
· In-line text generated from {@link} tags
· Exception names generated from @throws tags
· "Specified by" links to members in interfaces and "Overrides" links to members in classes
· Summary tables listing packages, classes and members
· Package and class inheritance trees
· The index
You can add hyperlinks to existing text for classes not included on the command line (but generated separately) by way of the -link and -linkoffline options.
Other processing details - The Javadoc tool produces one complete document each time it is run; it cannot do incremental builds -- that is, it cannot modify or directly incorporate results from previous runs of the Javadoc tool. However, it can link to results from other runs, as just mentioned.
As implemented, the Javadoc tool requires and relies on the java compiler to do its job. The Javadoc tool calls part of javac to compile the declarations, ignoring the member implementation. It builds a rich internal representation of the classes, including the class hierarchy, and "use" relationships, then generates the HTML from that. The Javadoc tool also picks up user-supplied documentation from documentation comments in the source code.
In fact, the Javadoc tool will run on .java source files that are pure stub files with no method bodies. This means you can write documentation comments and run the Javadoc tool in the earliest stages of design while creating the API, before writing the implementation.
Relying on the compiler ensures that the HTML output corresponds exactly with the actual implementation, which may rely on implicit, rather than explicit, source code. For example, the Javadoc tool documents default constructors (section 8.6.7 of Java Language Specification) that are present in the .class files but not in the source code.
In many cases, the Javadoc tool allows you to generate documentation for source files whose code is incomplete or erroneous. This is a benefit that enables you to generate documentation before all debugging and troubleshooting is done. For example, according to the Java Language Specification, a class that contains an abstract method should itself be declared abstract. The Javadoc tool does not check for this, and would proceed without a warning, whereas the javac compiler stops on this error. The Javadoc tool does do some primitive checking of doc comments. Use the DocCheck doclet to check the doc comments more thoroughly.
When the Javadoc tool builds its internal structure for the documentation, it loads all referenced classes. Because of this, the Javadoc tool must be able to find all referenced classes, whether bootstrap classes, extensions, or user classes. For more about this, see How Classes Are Found. Generally speaking, classes you create must either be loaded as an extension or in the Javadoc tool's class path.
Javadoc Doclets
You can customize the content and format of the Javadoc tool's output by using doclets. The Javadoc tool has a default "built-in" doclet, called the standard doclet, that generates HTML-formatted API documentation. You can modify or subclass the standard doclet, or write your own doclet to generate HTML, XML, MIF, RTF or whatever output format you'd like. Information about doclets and their use is at the following locations:
· Javadoc Doclets
· The -doclet command-line option
When a custom doclet is not specified with the -doclet command line option, the Javadoc tool will use the default standard doclet. The javadoc tool has several command line options that are available regardless of which doclet is being used. The standard doclet adds a supplementary set of command line options. Both sets of options are described below in the options section.
Related Documentation and Doclets
· Javadoc Enhancements for details about improvements added in Javadoc.
· Javadoc FAQ for answers to common questions, information about Javadoc-related tools, and workarounds for bugs.
· How to Write Doc Comments for Javadoc for more information about Sun conventions for writing documentation comments.
· Requirements for Writing API Specifications - Standard requirements used when writing the Java 2 Platform Specification. It can be useful whether you are writing API specifications in source file documentation comments or in other formats. It covers requirements for packages, classes, interfaces, fields and methods to satisfy testable assertions.
· Documentation Comment Specification - The original specification on documentation comments, Chapter 18, Documentation Comments, in the Java Language Specification, First Edition, by James Gosling, Bill Joy, and Guy Steele. (This chapter was removed from the second edition.)
· DocCheck Doclet - Checks doc comments in source files and generates a report listing the errors and irregularities it finds. It is part of the Sun Doc Check Utilities.
· MIF Doclet - Can automate the generation of API documentation in MIF, FrameMaker and PDF formats. MIF is Adobe FrameMaker's interchange format.
Terminology
The terms documentation comment, doc comment, main description, tag, block tag, and in-line tag are described at Documentation Comments. These other terms have specific meanings within the context of the Javadoc tool:
generated document
The document generated by the javadoc tool from the doc comments in Java source code. The default generated document is in HTML and is created by the standard doclet.
name
A name of a program element written in the Java Language -- that is, the name of a package, class, interface, field, constructor or method. A name can be fully-qualified, such as java.lang.String.equals(java.lang.Object), or partially-qualified, such as equals(Object).
documented classes
The classes and interfaces for which detailed documentation is generated during a javadoc run. To be documented, the source files must be available, their source filenames or package names must be passed into the javadoc command, and they must not be filtered out by their access modifier (public, protected, package-private or private). We also refer to these as the classes included in the javadoc output, or the included classes.
included classes
Classes and interfaces whose details are documented during a run of the Javadoc tool. Same as documented classes.
excluded classes
Classes and interfaces whose details are not documented during a run of the Javadoc tool.
referenced classes
The classes and interfaces that are explicitly referred to in the definition (implementation) or doc comments of the documented classes and interfaces. Examples of references include return type, parameter type, cast type, extended class, implemented interface, imported classes, classes used in method bodies, @see, {@link}, {@linkplain}, and {@inheritDoc} tags. (Notice this definition has changed since 1.3.) When the Javadoc tool is run, it should load into memory all of the referenced classes in javadoc's bootclasspath and classpath. (The Javadoc tool prints a "Class not found" warning for referenced classes not found.) The Javadoc tool can derive enough information from the .class files to determine their existence and the fully-qualified names of their members.
external referenced classes
The referenced classes whose documentation is not being generated during a javadoc run. In other words, these classes are not passed into the Javadoc tool on the command line. Links in the generated documentation to those classes are said to be external references or external links. For example, if you run the Javadoc tool on only the java.awt package, then any class in java.lang, such as Object, is an external referenced class. External referenced classes can be linked to using the -link and -linkoffline options. An important property of an external referenced class is that its source comments are normally not available to the Javadoc run. In this case, these comments cannot be inherited.
SOURCE FILES
The Javadoc tool will generate output originating from four different types of "source" files: Java language source files for classes (.java), package comment files, overview comment files, and miscellaneous unprocessed files. This section also covers test files and template files that can also be in the source tree, but which you want to be sure not to document.
Class Source Code Files
Each class or interface and its members can have their own documentation comments, contained in a .java file. For more details about these doc comments, see Documentation Comments.
Package Comment Files
Each package can have its own documentation comment, contained in its own "source" file, that the Javadoc tool will merge into the package summary page that it generates. You typically include in this comment any documentation that applies to the entire package.
To create a package comment file, you have a choice of two files to place your comments:
· package-info.java - Can contain a package declaration, package annotations, package comments and Javadoc tags. This file is new in JDK 5.0, and is preferred over package.html.
· package.html - Can contain only package comments and Javadoc tags, no package annotations.
A package may have a single package.html file or a single package-info.java file but not both. Place either file in the package directory in the source tree along with your .java files.
package-info.java This file can contain a package comment of the following structure -- the comment is placed before the package declaration:
File: java/applet/package-info.java
/** * Provides the classes necessary to create an applet and the classes an applet uses * to communicate with its applet context. *
* The applet framework involves two entities: * the applet and the applet context. An applet is an embeddable window (see the * {@link java.awt.Panel} class) with a few extra methods that the applet context * can use to initialize, start, and stop the applet. * * @since 1.0 * @see java.awt */package java.lang.applet;
Note that while the comment separators /** and /* must be present, the leading asterisks on the intermediate lines can be omitted. package.html - This file can contain a package comment of the following structure -- the comment is placed in the
File: java/applet/package.html
Provides the classes necessary to create an applet and the classes an applet uses to communicate with its applet context.
The applet framework involves two entities: the applet and the applet context. An applet is an embeddable window (see the {@link java.awt.Panel} class) with a few extra methods that the applet context can use to initialize, start, and stop the applet. @since 1.0@see java.awt
Notice this is just a normal HTML file and does not include a package declaration. The content of the package comment file is written in HTML, like all other comments, with one exception: The documentation comment should not include the comment separators /** and */ or leading asterisks. When writing the comment, you should make the first sentence a summary about the package, and not put a title or any other text between
Processing of package comment file - When the Javadoc tool runs, it will automatically look for the package comment file; if found, the Javadoc tool does the following:
· Copies the comment for processing. (For package.html, copies all content between and HTML tags. You can include a section to put a
· Processes any package tags that are present.
· Inserts the processed text at the bottom of the package summary page it generates, as shown in Package Summary.
· Copies the first sentence of the package comment to the top of the package summary page. It also adds the package name and this first sentence to the list of packages on the overview page, as shown in Overview Summary. The end-of-sentence is determined by the same rules used for the end of the first sentence of class and member main descriptions.
Overview Comment File
Each application or set of packages that you are documenting can have its own overview documentation comment, kept in its own "source" file, that the Javadoc tool will merge into the overview page that it generates. You typically include in this comment any documentation that applies to the entire application or set of packages.
To create an overview comment file, you can name the file anything you want, typically overview.html and place it anywhere, typically at the top level of the source tree. For example, if the source files for the java.applet package are contained in C:\user\src\java\applet directory, you could create an overview comment file at C:\user\src\overview.html.
Notice you can have multiple overview comment files for the same set of source files, in case you want to run javadoc multiple times on different sets of packages. For example, you could run javadoc once with -private for internal documentation and again without that option for public documentation. In this case, you could describe the documentation as public or internal in the first sentence of each overview comment file.
The content of the overview comment file is one big documentation comment, written in HTML, like the package comment file described previously. See that description for details. To re-iterate, when writing the comment, you should make the first sentence a summary about the application or set of packages, and not put a title or any other text between
When you run the Javadoc tool, you specify the overview comment file name with the -overview option. The file is then processed similar to that of a package comment file.
· Copies all content between and tags for processing.
· Processes any overview tags that are present.
· Inserts the processed text at the bottom of the overview page it generates, as shown in Overview Summary.
· Copies the first sentence of the overview comment to the top of the overview summary page.
Miscellaneous Unprocessed Files
You can also include in your source any miscellaneous files that you want the Javadoc tool to copy to the destination directory. These typically includes graphic files, example Java source (.java) and class (.class) files, and self-standing HTML files whose content would overwhelm the documentation comment of a normal Java source file.
To include unprocessed files, put them in a directory called doc-files which can be a subdirectory of any package directory that contains source files. You can have one such subdirectory for each package. You might include images, example code, source files, .class files, applets and HTML files. For example, if you want to include the image of a button button.gif in the java.awt.Button class documentation, you place that file in the /home/user/src/java/awt/doc-files/ directory. Notice the doc-files directory should not be located at /home/user/src/java/doc-files because java is not a package -- that is, it does not directly contain any source files.
All links to these unprocessed files must be hard-coded, because the Javadoc tool does not look at the files -- it simply copies the directory and all its contents to the destination. For example, the link in the Button.java doc comment might look like: /** * This button looks like this: *
*/Test Files and Template Files
Some developers have indicated they want to store test files and templates files in the source tree near their corresponding source files. That is, they would like to put them in the same directory, or a subdirectory, of those source files.
If you run the Javadoc tool by explicitly passing in individual source filenames, you can deliberately omit test and templates files and prevent them from being processed. However, if you are passing in package names or wildcards, you need to follow certain rules to ensure these test files and templates files are not processed.
Test files differ from template files in that the former are legal, compilable source files, while the latter are not, but may end with ".java".
Test files - Often developers want to put compilable, runnable test files for a given package in the same directory as the source files for that package. But they want the test files to belong to a package other than the source file package, such as the unnamed package (so the test files have no package statement or a different package statement from the source). In this scenario, when the source is being documented by specifying its package name specified on the command line, the test files will cause warnings or errors. You need to put such test files in a subdirectory. For example, if you want to add test files for source files in com.package1, put them in a subdirectory that would be an invalid package name (because it contains a hyphen): com/package1/test-files/
The test directory will be skipped by the Javadoc tool with no warnings.
If your test files contain doc comments, you can set up a separate run of the Javadoc tool to produce documentation of the test files by passing in their test source filenames with wildcards, such as com/package1/test-files/*.java.
Templates for source files - Template files have names that often end in ".java" and are not compilable. If you have a template for a source file that you want to keep in the source directory, you can name it with a dash (such as Buffer-Template.java), or any other illegal Java character, to prevent it from being processed. This relies on the fact that the Javadoc tool will only process source files whose name, when stripped of the ".java" suffix, is actually a legal class name (see Identifiers).
GENERATED FILES
By default, javadoc uses a standard doclet that generates HTML-formatted documentation. This doclet generates the following kinds of files (where each HTML "page" corresponds to a separate file). Note that javadoc generates files with two types of names: those named after classes/interfaces, and those that are not (such as package-summary.html). Files in the latter group contain hyphens to prevent filename conflicts with those in the former group.
Basic Content Pages
· One class or interface page (classname.html) for each class or interface it is documenting.
· One package page (package-summary.html) for each package it is documenting. The Javadoc tool will include any HTML text provided in a file named package.html or package-info.java in the package directory of the source tree.
· One overview page (overview-summary.html) for the entire set of packages. This is the front page of the generated document. The Javadoc tool will include any HTML text provided in a file specified with the -overview option. Note that this file is created only if you pass into javadoc two or more package names. For further explanation, see HTML Frames.)
Cross-Reference Pages
· One class hierarchy page for the entire set of packages (overview-tree.html). To view this, click on "Overview" in the navigation bar, then click on "Tree".
· One class hierarchy page for each package (package-tree.html) To view this, go to a particular package, class or interface page; click "Tree" to display the hierarchy for that package.
· One "use" page for each package (package-use.html) and a separate one for each class and interface (class-use/classname.html). This page describes what packages, classes, methods, constructors and fields use any part of the given class, interface or package. Given a class or interface A, its "use" page includes subclasses of A, fields declared as A, methods that return A, and methods and constructors with parameters of type A. You can access this page by first going to the package, class or interface, then clicking on the "Use" link in the navigation bar.
· A deprecated API page (deprecated-list.html) listing all deprecated names. (A deprecated name is not recommended for use, generally due to improvements, and a replacement name is usually given. Deprecated APIs may be removed in future implementations.)
· A constant field values page (constant-values.html) for the values of static fields.
· A serialized form page (serialized-form.html) for information about serializable and externalizable classes. Each such class has a description of its serialization fields and methods. This information is of interest to re-implementors, not to developers using the API. While there is no link in the navigation bar, you can get to this information by going to any serialized class and clicking "Serialized Form" in the "See also" section of the class comment. The standard doclet automatically generates a serialized form page: any class (public or non-public) that implements Serializable is included, along with readObject and writeObject methods, the fields that are serialized, and the doc comments from the @serial, @serialField, and @serialData tags. Public serializable classes can be excluded by marking them (or their package) with @serial exclude, and package-private serializable classes can be included by marking them (or their package) with @serial include. As of 1.4, you can generate the complete serialized form for public and private classes by running javadoc without specifying the -private option.
· An index (index-*.html) of all class, interface, constructor, field and method names, alphabetically arranged. This is internationalized for Unicode and can be generated as a single file or as a separate file for each starting character (such as A-Z for English).
Support Files
· A help page (help-doc.html) that describes the navigation bar and the above pages. You can provide your own custom help file to override the default using -helpfile.
· One index.html file which creates the HTML frames for display. This is the file you load to display the front page with frames. This file itself contains no text content.
· Several frame files (*-frame.html) containing lists of packages, classes and interfaces, used when HTML frames are being displayed.
· A package list file (package-list), used by the -link and -linkoffline options. This is a text file, not HTML, and is not reachable through any links.
· A style sheet file (stylesheet.css) that controls a limited amount of color, font family, font size, font style and positioning on the generated pages.
· A doc-files directory that holds any image, example, source code or other files that you want copied to the destination directory. These files are not processed by the Javadoc tool in any manner -- that is, any javadoc tags in them will be ignored. This directory is not generated unless it exists in the source tree.
HTML Frames
The Javadoc tool will generate either two or three HTML frames, as shown in the figure below. It creates the minimum necessary number of frames by omitting the list of packages if there is only one package (or no packages). That is, when you pass a single package name or source files (*.java) belonging to a single package as arguments into the javadoc command, it will create only one frame (C) in the left-hand column -- the list of classes. When you pass into javadoc two or more package names, it creates a third frame (P) listing all packages, as well as an overview page (Detail). This overview page has the filename overview-summary.html. Thus, this file is created only if you pass in two or more package names. You can bypass frames by clicking on the "No Frames" link or entering at overview-summary.html.
If you are unfamiliar with HTML frames, you should be aware that frames can have focus for printing and scrolling. To give a frame focus, click on it. Then on many browsers the arrow keys and page keys will scroll that frame, and the print menu command will print it. ------------ ------------ C Detail P Detail - C ------------ ------------ javadoc *.java javadoc java.lang java.awt
Load one of the following two files as the starting page depending on whether you want HTML frames or not:
· index.html (for frames)
· overview-summary.html (for no frames)
Generated File Structure
The generated class and interface files are organized in the same directory hierarchy that Java source files and class files are organized. This structure is one directory per subpackage.
For example, the document generated for the class java.applet.Applet class would be located at java\applet\Applet.html. The file structure for the java.applet package follows, given that the destination directory is named apidocs. All files that contain the word "frame" appear in the upper-left or lower-left frames, as noted. All other HTML files appear in the right-hand frame.
NOTE - Directories are shown in bold. The asterisks (*) indicate the files and directories that are omitted when the arguments to javadoc are source filenames (*.java) rather than package names. Also when arguments are source filenames, package-list is created but is empty. The doc-files directory will not be created in the destination unless it exists in the source tree. apidocs Top directory index.html Initial page that sets up HTML frames * overview-summary.html Lists all packages with first sentence summaries overview-tree.html Lists class hierarchy for all packages deprecated-list.html Lists deprecated API for all packages constant-values.html Lists values of static fields for all packages serialized-form.html Lists serialized form for all packages * overview-frame.html Lists all packages, used in upper-left frame allclasses-frame.html Lists all classes for all packages, used in lower-left frame help-doc.html Lists user help for how these pages are organized index-all.html Default index created without -splitindex option index-files Directory created with -splitindex option index-
Generated API Declarations
The Javadoc tool generates a declaration at the start of each class, interface, field, constructor, and method description for that API item. For example, the declaration for the Boolean class is:
public final class Booleanextends Objectimplements Serializable
and the declaration for the Boolean.valueOfmethod is:
public static Boolean valueOf(String s)
The Javadoc tool can include the modifiers public, protected, private, abstract, final, static, transient, and volatile, but not synchronized or native. These last two modifiers are considered implementation detail and not part of the API specification.
Rather than relying on the keyword synchronized, APIs should document their concurrency semantics in the comment's main description, as in "a single Enumeration cannot be used by multiple threads concurrently". The document should not describe how to achieve these semantics. As another example, while Hashtable should be thread-safe, there's no reason to specify that we achieve this by synchronizing all of its exported methods. We should reserve the right to synchronize internally at the bucket level, thus offering higher concurrency.
DOCUMENTATION COMMENTS
The original "Documentation Comment Specification" can be found under related documentation.
Commenting the Source Code
You can include documentation comments ("doc comments") in the source code, ahead of declarations for any class, interface, method, constructor, or field. You can also create doc comments for each package and another one for the overview, though their syntax is slightly different. Doc comments are also known informally as "Javadoc comments" (but this term violates its trademark usage). A doc comment consists of the characters between the characters /** that begin the comment and the characters */ that end it. Leading asterisks are allowed on each line and are described further below. The text in a comment can continue onto multiple lines. /** * This is the typical format of a simple documentation comment * that spans two lines. */
To save space you can put a comment on one line: /** This comment takes up only one line. */
Placement of comments - Documentation comments are recognized only when placed immediately before class, interface, constructor, method, or field declarations -- see the class example, method example, and field example. Documentation comments placed in the body of a method are ignored. Only one documentation comment per declaration statement is recognized by the Javadoc tool.
A common mistake is to put an import statement between the class comment and the class declaration. Avoid this, as the Javadoc tool will ignore the class comment. /** * This is the class comment for the class Whatever. */ import com.sun; // MISTAKE - Important not to put import statement here public class Whatever { }
A doc comment is composed of a main description followed by a tag section - The main description begins after the starting delimiter /** and continues until the tag section. The tag section starts with the first block tag, which is defined by the first @ character that begins a line (ignoring leading asterisks, white space, and leading separator /**). It is possible to have a comment with only a tag section and no main description. The main description cannot continue after the tag section begins. The argument to a tag can span multiple lines. There can be any number of tags -- some types of tags can be repeated while others cannot. For example, this @see starts the tag section: /** * This sentence would hold the main description for this doc comment. * @see java.lang.Object */
Block tags and in-line tags - A tag is a special keyword within a doc comment that the Javadoc tool can process. There are two kinds of tags: block tags, which appear as @tag (also known as "standalone tags"), and in-line tags, which appear within curly braces, as {@tag}. To be interpreted, a block tag must appear at the beginning of a line, ignoring leading asterisks, white space, and separator (/**). This means you can use the @ character elsewhere in the text and it will not be interpreted as the start of a tag. If you want to start a line with the @ character and not have it be interpreted, use the HTML entity @. Each block tag has associated text, which includes any text following the tag up to, but not including, either the next tag, or the end of the doc comment. This associated text can span multiple lines. An in-line tag is allowed and interpreted anywhere that text is allowed. The following example contains the block tag @deprecated and in-line tag {@link}. /** * @deprecated As of JDK 1.1, replaced by {@link #setBounds(int,int,int,int)} */
Comments are written in HTML - The text must be written in HTML, in that they should use HTML entities and can use HTML tags. You can use whichever version of HTML your browser supports; we have written the standard doclet to generate HTML 3.2-compliant code elsewhere (outside of the documentation comments) with the inclusion of cascading style sheets and frames. (We preface each generated file with "HTML 4.0" because of the frame sets.)
For example, entities for the less-than (<) and greater-than (>) symbols should be written < and >. Likewise, the ampersand (&) should be written &. The bold HTML tag is shown in the following example.
Here is a doc comment: /** * This is a doc comment. * @see java.lang.Object */
Leading asterisks - When javadoc parses a doc comment, leading asterisk (*) characters on each line are discarded; blanks and tabs preceding the initial asterisk (*) characters are also discarded. Starting with 1.4, if you omit the leading asterisk on a line, the leading white space is no longer removed. This enables you to paste code examples directly into a doc comment inside a
tag, and its indentation will be honored. Spaces are generally interpreted by browsers more uniformly than tabs. Indentation is relative to the left margin (rather than the separator /** ortag).
First sentence - The first sentence of each doc comment should be a summary sentence, containing a concise but complete description of the declared entity. This sentence ends at the first period that is followed by a blank, tab, or line terminator, or at the first block tag. The Javadoc tool copies this first sentence to the member summary at the top of the HTML page.
Declaration with multiple fields - Java allows declaring multiple fields in a single statement, but this statement can have only one documentation comment, which is copied for all fields. Therefore if you want individual documentation comments for each field, you must declare each field in a separate statement. For example, the following documentation comment doesn't make sense written as a single declaration and would be better handled as two declarations: /** * The horizontal and vertical distances of point (x,y) */public int x, y; // Avoid this
The Javadoc tool generates the following documentation from the above code: public int x
The horizontal and vertical distances of point (x,y) public int y
The horizontal and vertical distances of point (x,y)
Use header tags carefully - When writing documentation comments for members, it's best not to use HTML heading tags such asand
, because the Javadoc tool creates an entire structured document and these structural tags might interfere with the formatting of the generated document. However, it is fine to use these headings in class and package comments to provide your own structure.
Automatic Copying of Method Comments
The Javadoc tool has the ability to copy or "inherit" method comments in classes and interfaces under the following two circumstances. Constructors, fields and nested classes do not inherit doc comments.
· Automatically inherit comment to fill in missing text - When a main description, or @return, @param or @throws tag is missing from a method comment, the Javadoc tool copies the corresponding main description or tag comment from the method it overrides or implements (if any), according to the algorithm below.
More specifically, when a @param tag for a particular parameter is missing, then the comment for that parameter is copied from the method further up the inheritance hierarchy. When a @throws tag for a particular exception is missing, the @throws tag is copied only if that exception is declared.
This behavior contrasts with version 1.3 and earlier, where the presence of any main description or tag would prevent all comments from being inherited.
· Explicitly inherit comment with {@inheritDoc} tag - Insert the inline tag {@inheritDoc} in a method main description or @return, @param or @throws tag comment -- the corresponding inherited main description or tag comment is copied into that spot.
The source file for the inherited method need only be on the path specified by -sourcepath for the doc comment to actually be available to copy. Neither the class nor its package needs to be passed in on the command line. This contrasts with 1.3.x and earlier releases, where the class had to be a documented class
Inherit from classes and interfaces - Inheriting of comments occurs in all three possible cases of inheritance from classes and interfaces:
· When a method in a class overrides a method in a superclass
· When a method in an interface overrides a method in a superinterface
· When a method in a class implements a method in an interface
In the first two cases, for method overrides, the Javadoc tool generates a subheading "Overrides" in the documentation for the overriding method, with a link to the method it is overriding, whether or not the comment is inherited.
In the third case, when a method in a given class implements a method in an interface, the Javadoc tool generates a subheading "Specified by" in the documentation for the overriding method, with a link to the method it is implementing. This happens whether or not the comment is inherited.
Algorithm for Inheriting Method Comments - If a method does not have a doc comment, or has an {@inheritDoc} tag, the Javadoc tool searches for an applicable comment using the following algorithm, which is designed to find the most specific applicable doc comment, giving preference to interfaces over superclasses:
1. Look in each directly implemented (or extended) interface in the order they appear following the word implements (or extends) in the method declaration. Use the first doc comment found for this method.
2. If step 1 failed to find a doc comment, recursively apply this entire algorithm to each directly implemented (or extended) interface, in the same order they were examined in step 1.
3. If step 2 failed to find a doc comment and this is a class other than Object (not an interface):
a. If the superclass has a doc comment for this method, use it.
b. If step 3a failed to find a doc comment, recursively apply this entire algorithm to the superclass.
JAVADOC TAGS
The Javadoc tool parses special tags when they are embedded within a Java doc comment. These doc tags enable you to autogenerate a complete, well-formatted API from your source code. The tags start with an "at" sign (@) and are case-sensitive -- they must be typed with the uppercase and lowercase letters as shown. A tag must start at the beginning of a line (after any leading spaces and an optional asterisk) or it is treated as normal text. By convention, tags with the same name are grouped together. For example, put all @see tags together.
Tags come in two types:
· Block tags - Can be placed only in the tag section that follows the main description. Block tags are of the form: @tag.
· Inline tags - Can be placed anywhere in the main description or in the comments for block tags. Inline tags are denoted by curly braces: {@tag}.
For information about tags we might introduce in future releases, see Proposed Tags.
The current tags are:
Tag
Introduced in JDK/SDK
@author
1.0
{@code}
1.5
{@docRoot}
1.3
@deprecated
1.0
@exception
1.0
{@inheritDoc}
1.4
{@link}
1.2
{@linkplain}
1.4
{@literal}
1.5
@param
1.0
@return
1.0
@see
1.0
@serial
1.2
@serialData
1.2
@serialField
1.2
@since
1.1
@throws
1.2
{@value}
1.4
@version
1.0
For custom tags, see the -tag option.
@author name-text
Adds an "Author" entry with the specified name-text to the generated docs when the -author option is used. A doc comment may contain multiple @author tags. You can specify one name per @author tag or multiple names per tag. In the former case, the Javadoc tool inserts a comma (,) and space between names. In the latter case, the entire text is simply copied to the generated document without being parsed. Therefore, you can use multiple names per line if you want a localized name separator other than comma.
For more details, see Where Tags Can Be Used and writing @author tags.
@deprecated deprecated-text
Note: Starting with JDK 5.0, you can deprecate a program element using the @Deprecated annotation.
Adds a comment indicating that this API should no longer be used (even though it may continue to work). The Javadoc tool moves the deprecated-text ahead of the main description, placing it in italics and preceding it with a bold warning: "Deprecated". This tag is valid in all doc comments: overview, package, class, interface, constructor, method and field.
The first sentence of deprecated-text should at least tell the user when the API was deprecated and what to use as a replacement. The Javadoc tool copies just the first sentence to the summary section and index. Subsequent sentences can also explain why it has been deprecated. You should include a {@link} tag (for Javadoc 1.2 or later) that points to the replacement API:
For more details, see writing @deprecated tags.
· For Javadoc 1.2 and later, use a {@link} tag. This creates the link in-line, where you want it. For example: · /**· * @deprecated As of JDK 1.1, replaced by {@link #setBounds(int,int,int,int)}· */
· For Javadoc 1.1, the standard format is to create a @see tag (which cannot be in-line) for each @deprecated tag.
For more about deprecation, see The @deprecated tag.
{@code text}
Equivalent to{@literal}.
Displays text in code font without interpreting the text as HTML markup or nested javadoc tags. This enables you to use regular angle brackets (<>) instead of the HTML entities (< and >) in doc comments, such as in parameter types (